Jump to content

Remote ischemic conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is an experimental medical procedure that aims to reduce the severity of ischaemic injury to an organ such as the heart or the brain, most commonly in the situation of a heart attack or a stroke, or during procedures such as heart surgery when the heart may temporary suffer ischaemia during the operation, by triggering the body's natural protection against tissue injury.[1][2] Although noted to have some benefits in experimental models in animals, this is still an experimental procedure in humans and initial evidence from small studies have not been replicated in larger clinical trials. Successive clinical trials have failed to identify evidence supporting a protective role in humans.[3]

The procedure involves repeated, temporary cessation of blood flow to a limb to create ischemia (lack of oxygen and glucose) in the tissue. This "conditioning" activates the body's natural protective physiology against reperfusion injury and the tissue damage caused by low oxygen levels[4]—a protection present in many mammals.[5] RIC essentially mimics the cardio-protective effects of exercise;[6] in fact, exercise can be considered a form of RIC in which the stimulus is distant from the organ being protected. RIC has been termed "exercise in a device", especially suited for patients who are unable or unwilling to work out.[7]

History

[edit]

The phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was discovered in 1986 by C. E. Murry and colleagues,[8] who observed that repeated, temporary cross-clamping of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in dogs protected the LAD territory of the heart against a subsequent prolonged ischemic event, reducing infarct size by 75%. This was thought to be a local effect and was termed local ischemic preconditioning. The phenomenon was confirmed by other researchers in dogs, pigs, mice, and rats.[citation needed]

In 1993, Karin Przyklenk and colleagues began using the term "remote" when they observed that cross-clamping on the right side of the heart (right circumflex artery) protected the left side of the heart (LAD territory) from ischemia: that is, the protective trigger was remote from the observed effect.[9] Other researchers confirmed this remote effect and found that performing the preconditioning protocol on kidney or gastrointestinal tissue also provided protection to the heart.[10]

In 2002, Raj Kharbanda and Andrew Redington, working at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, showed that non-invasively stopping and starting blood flow in the arm provided the same protection as invasive preconditioning of the heart.[11] This adaptation of the RIC protocol significantly improved its safety and applicability, and resulted in a surge of clinical interest in the technique.[citation needed]

Clinical trials

[edit]

More than 10,000 patients worldwide have completed clinical trials involving RIC, and another 20,000 are enrolled in ongoing trials.[citation needed] The first human clinical trial of RIC was conducted by Dr. Redington in pediatric patients undergoing heart surgery at the Hospital for Sick Children.[12] The patients treated with RIC prior to surgery exhibited less heart damage, as measured by the biomarker troponin, as well as less need for supportive drugs. This trial was followed by others measuring the effects of RIC on rates and outcomes of heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, and cardiothoracic intervention.[13]

Heart attacks

[edit]

In multiple randomized controlled trials,[which?] remote ischemic conditioning reduced infarct size in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients when used in the ambulance[14] or emergency department[15][16][17][18][19] as an adjunct therapy to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or when used with thrombolytic drugs.[20] In seven trials comprising 2,372 STEMI patients, infarct size—a measure of damage to the heart—was reduced by 17–30% on average, and the reduction was greatest (~60%) in the largest infarcts. Further analysis of a Danish study (CONDI-1), in which patients were treated in the ambulance,[21] showed that those who received RIC did not show a decline in myocardial salvage index (a measure of a healthy heart) when they experienced a delay in treatment, while the control group experienced a significant decline in salvage index.[22] The RIC treatment therefore resulted, effectively, in an extension of the "golden hour", the period in which medical treatment for heart attacks is most effective.[citation needed]

Infarct size is a predictor of future cardiovascular events as well as mortality,[23] and researchers doing long-term follow-up on STEMI patients treated with RIC found that the reduction in heart damage at the time of the heart attack resulted in clinical improvement four years later: MACCE (major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event) rates were reduced by 47% (13.5% vs. 25.6%, p=0.018).[24] This improvement resulted in mean cumulative cardiovascular medical care costs that were €2,763 lower in the RIC-treated group than in the control group (€12,065 vs. €14,828)[25]—savings of approximately 20%.

There are currently two large randomized controlled trials of RIC treatment in STEMI patients ongoing in Europe,[26][27] both of which will examine the effects of RIC treatment on coronary death and hospitalization for heart failure after one year.[citation needed]

Percutaneous coronary intervention

[edit]

Remote ischemic conditioning significantly reduced heart damage (as measured by troponin elevations) in four randomized controlled trials involving 816 elective (non-emergency) PCI patients.[28][29][30][31] The myocardial damage and troponin elevations seen in elective PCI patients are less than that in emergency STEMI patient, because there is less acute reperfusion injury in elective PCI, and damage instead results from distal embolization and side-branch occlusion.[32] Nevertheless, myocardial damage during elective PCI remains a significant predictor of morbidity and mortality, as patients exhibiting any increase in troponin are at a significantly increased risk of future cardiovascular events.[33]

Researchers at Papworth Hospital in Cambridge conducted the first large study of RIC in elective PCI patients (the CRISP study)[28] and found that patients treated with RIC prior to stenting showed a 62% reduction in troponin levels, less chest discomfort, and reduced six-month hospitalization rates. Long-term follow-up of the CRISP[34] study showed that this single RIC treatment resulted in a 35% reduction in six-year MACCE rates.[35]

Cardiac and oncological imaging

[edit]

RIC has been shown to reduce Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) and contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), two serious complications that can occur when patients are given contrast media during imaging or invasive procedures such as angioplasty or percutaneous aortic valve replacement. The incidence of CIN is 13% in an unselected population and can be as much as 57% in patients with poor kidney function and congestive heart failure.[36] The development of CIN after percutaneous coronary intervention is independently associated with an increased risk of short- and long-term ischemic and hemorrhagic events.[37]

RIC provided a statistically significant benefit in five randomized clinical trials comprising 480 patients. The first report was in an observational study of patients in the United States,[38] and the first randomized clinical trial to show a benefit in patients at extremely high risk of injury (those with Stage 3 or 4 kidney disease, diabetes, or heart failure) was done in Germany.[39] The German study showed a reduced incidence of CIN (a 70% reduction, from 40% to 12%, p=0.002), with no patients in the treated arm needing in-hospital dialysis (compared with 14% in the control group), and reduced six-week readmission rates (a 60% reduction, from 36% to 14%). Similar protection was seen in cancer patients undergoing contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT): Researchers found a 35% reduction in CIN across the population,[40] and the patients at highest risk benefited the most, with a 60% reduction.

These results, confirmed in subsequent clinical trials involving cardiac patients,[41][18][42] show that RIC can protect the kidneys as well as the heart.

Coronary surgery

[edit]

Yetgin and colleagues conducted a systematic review and analysis of RIC in cardiac surgery,[43] examining thirteen trials involving 891 patients, and found that RIC treatment reduced troponin levels by 21% to 49%. In addition, they concluded that trials in which the primary measure was a validated biomarker (e.g., 72-hour cardiac troponin AUC)[44] showed a benefit from RIC treatment, while trials in which a non-validated biomarker (e.g., 24-hour troponin AUC) was the primary measure did not show a benefit.[citation needed]

In the first prospectively designed trial to examine the effect of RIC on clinical outcomes in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), Thielmann and colleagues showed that RIC treatment reduced troponin levels and improved long-term morbidity and mortality.[45] However, while patients who received the anesthetic isoflurane benefited from the treatment, the anesthetic propofol blocked the effects of RIC.[46] Investigations in Dr. Gerd Heusch's lab showed that propofol abolishes the phosphorylation of STAT5,[47] a key survival molecule that is activated by RIC. Two other trials in CABG surgery (ERICCA[48] and RIP-HEART[49]) reported neutral results for the clinical benefit of RIC, but both of these trials used propofol as the initiating anesthetic. In a viewpoint letter that followed the publication of the ERICCA and RIP-HEART trials, Heusch and Dr. Bernard Gersh wrote that the use of propofol rather than volatile anesthesia appeared to be a common denominator in all studies that failed to find protection with RIC.[50]

A 2015 trial in high-risk CABG patients showed a reduced incidence of surgical acute kidney injury in RIC-treated patients (37.5% vs. 52.5%, p=0.02), a reduced need for dialysis, and shorter stays in the intensive care unit.[51] This study did not use propofol, and a three-month follow-up found that RIC treatment improved clinical outcomes.[52]

Emerging applications

[edit]

Researchers are working to expand the clinical applications of RIC beyond cardiovascular indications. Because RIC modifies the expression of genes involved in inflammation, coagulation, and complement pathways,[53] researchers believe repeated treatments (chronic conditioning) could aid recovery or prevent disease progression in a variety of chronic conditions. The areas of research that are most advanced are in heart failure and stroke recovery.[citation needed]

Heart failure

[edit]

Despite advances in the treatment of heart attacks, survivors are at a significant risk of heart failure and death within five years because of adverse remodeling processes in the heart.[54][55] The acute inflammatory process that occurs soon after a heart attack is necessary for healing and scar formation,[56] but can be harmful if it continues for an extended period of time. Continued oxidative stress results in inflammation, death of heart cells, fibrosis of the ventricles, and hypertrophy (enlargement) of the heart,[57] progressing to heart failure. Studies show that repeated daily RIC treatments lead to significant downregulation of neutrophil activation and proinflammatory responses in humans,[58] and could reduce post-heart-attack inflammation.

In rodent models of post-heart-attack heart failure, daily RIC treatment for 28 days resulted in reduced markers of inflammation (including TGF-b), improved ventricular function, and improved survival over 100 days, in a dose-dependent manner.[59] This study provided the scientific rationale for the CRIC-RCT clinical trial (NCT01817114). There are two other ongoing randomized controlled trials of chronic conditioning in heart-failure patients: NCT01664611 and NCT02248441.

Neurological indications

[edit]

In addition to its efficacy in cardiological settings, RIC is thought to remotely recruit neuroprotective pathways, and its safety, feasibility, and low cost give it high potential in a wide variety of neurological conditions.[7] Like the heart, the brain has self-protective abilities and can adapt to stress and injury (e.g., hypoxia or ischemia) by activating cellular protective pathways.[60] RIC not only confers protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, but also increases cerebral blood flow, which may contribute to the neuroprotective effect.[61]

Stroke

[edit]

The first randomized trial of RIC in acute stroke patients was done by Hougaard and colleagues in Denmark.[62] Compared with standard treatment, RIC increased tissue survival after one month and reduced the risk of infarction in high-risk tissue.[citation needed]

Two randomized trials of RIC have also been conducted in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS), a significant risk factor for stroke with a high risk of recurrence. The first—which included 68 Chinese patients under the age of 80 who had intracranial arterial stenosis of 50–99% and had experienced a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) within the previous 30 days[63]—evaluated the effects of 300 days of brief, repetitive, bilateral arm ischemic conditioning on stroke recurrence. It found that the conditioning reduced the incidence of recurrent stroke from 23.3% to 5% at 90 days, and from 26.7% to 7.9% at 300 days; it also improved the rate of recovery (measured with the modified Rankin scale) and cerebral perfusion. The second trial examined the effect of 180 days of RIC on symptomatic ICAS in Chinese people aged 80–95 years, as invasive stenting is not always suitable for elderly patients, and less-invasive methods are needed. RIC safely prevented stroke and TIA recurrence and reduced inflammation in these patients.[64]

Cerebral infarction

[edit]

Delayed cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage is a major cause of morbidity. Two Phase I clinical trials have shown that RIC after subarachnoid hemorrhage is feasible, safe, and well tolerated, and can prevent delayed neurological deficits.[65][66]

Traumatic brain injury

[edit]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) shares many pathophysiological pathways with acute stroke, and ischemic preconditioning increases the brain's resistance to injury.[67] Animal models of stroke (both open-skull and closed-skull models)[68] show that RIC improves cerebral blood flow; reduces ischemic injury, edema, and cell death; and improves functional outcomes. A small randomized clinical trial in severe TBI also showed that patients who received RIC had lower levels of brain injury biomarkers.[69]

Vascular cognitive impairment

[edit]

Reduced cerebral blood flow is an early finding in vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Cardiovascular risk factor control is currently the only management option for VCI, but observational studies suggest that exercise slows down cognitive decline.[70] In a mouse model that reproduced the damage seen in patients with VCI (white matter damage, cerebral hypoperfusion, inflammation, blood–brain barrier damage, and cognitive deficits), daily RIC for two weeks increased cerebral blood flow, and this increase persisted for one week after cessation of conditioning. Moreover, mice that underwent RIC had less inflammation, less white and gray matter damage, less β‑amyloid deposition, and improved cognition.[71]

Oxidative stress mitigation in laparoscopic surgery

[edit]

In laparoscopic procedures, CO2 pneumoperitoneum is essential for adequate visualization but can lead to elevated intra-abdominal pressure, potentially causing splanchnic hypoperfusion and capillary microcirculation impairment. This scenario predisposes to ischemia-reperfusion injury, characterized by an upsurge in reactive oxygen species (ROS), culminating in a spectrum of peritoneal pathologies, including mesothelial cell damage, inflammatory cascades, and adhesion formation.

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), entailing transient ischemic episodes prior to prolonged ischemia, has emerged as a prophylactic strategy to ameliorate such iatrogenic oxidative insults. In vitro and in vivo studies elucidate that IPC augments cellular anti-oxidative defenses and modulates inflammatory mediators, potentially attenuating peritoneal injury sequelae.[72][73] Despite the theoretical mechanistic plausibility and encouraging preclinical data, the translatability of these findings to human laparoscopy remains tentative. Human trials in laparoscopic contexts have shown IPC's potential in modulating biomarkers associated with oxidative stress and alleviating clinical symptoms. Notably, a study involving remote ischemic conditioning applied to the upper arm exhibited enhanced skin microcirculation in the lower extremities, suggesting systemic microcirculatory benefits.[74] Furthermore, in a trial involving patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, those subjected to IPC demonstrated notable improvements in systemic antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by elevated glutathione levels. Additionally, these patients reported a significant reduction in pain intensity, highlighting IPC's potential in enhancing patient comfort and recovery.[75] These findings, while preliminary, underscore IPC's promise in laparoscopic surgery, suggesting its role in reducing oxidative stress and improving postoperative outcomes.

Timing and protocol

[edit]

The RIC stimulus can be applied to different tissues in the body. Either the upper limb (arm) or the lower limb (leg) may be used; however, because it is easier and more comfortable, most clinical trials use the upper limb.[76] Researchers investigating the optimal dosing for the RIC stimulus have concluded that the upper limb is superior to the lower limb,[76] that RIC on one limb generates an equivalent response to RIC on two limbs,[77] and that maximal benefit occurs at 4–6 cycles.[77]

Timing

[edit]

The non-invasiveness and ease of application of RIC have allowed it to be studied in more situations than the original, invasive ischemic preconditioning, which was only realistically applicable in elective surgery. Studies have examined the effects of RIC applied at different times: [citation needed]

  • Pre-conditioning: RIC is applied within the hour prior to an intervention (e.g., elective cardiothoracic and surgical procedures)
  • Per-conditioning: RIC is applied at the time of the ischemic event (e.g., evolving heart attack, acute stroke, or trauma)
  • Chronic conditioning: RIC is applied daily for a period of time after an ischemic event (e.g., after a heart attack or stroke, or in chronic conditions such as peripheral vascular disease or ulcerative colitis)

The term "post-conditioning" is used to describe short, intermittent inflations of an intra-coronary balloon at the time of reperfusion, and does not refer to RIC on a limb. Delayed post-conditioning is synonymous with chronic conditioning.[78]

Manual vs. automated conditioning

[edit]

Remote ischemic conditioning on the limb is mostly done by healthcare professionals, using a manual blood-pressure cuff and a stopwatch. The standard RIC protocol, used in the majority of clinical trials, consists of four cycles of five minutes of inflation at 200mmHg, followed by five minutes of deflation. This is the original conditioning protocol described by Murry et al.[79] based on examinations of energetic depletion of the cell.

Automated conditioning

[edit]

One automated device is approved in Europe and Canada for the delivery of remote ischemic conditioning: the autoRIC Device,[80] which delivers four cycles of five minutes of inflation at 200mm Hg followed by five minutes of deflation to the upper limb. In a comparative study of this device and manual conditioning, the autoRIC Device was shown to be much easier to use.[81]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Murray, Christopher JL; Lopez, Alan D (1997-05-24). "Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study". The Lancet. 349 (9064): 1498–1504. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 9167458. S2CID 10556268.
  2. ^ Wang, Haidong; Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura; Lofgren, Katherine T; Rajaratnam, Julie Knoll; Marcus, Jacob R; Levin-Rector, Alison; Levitz, Carly E; Lopez, Alan D; Murray, Christopher JL (2012-12-15). "Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". The Lancet. 380 (9859): 2071–2094. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61719-x. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 23245603. S2CID 39402928.
  3. ^ Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery. NEJM. October 5, 2015.
  4. ^ Heusch, Gerd (2015-02-13). "Molecular Basis of Cardioprotection Signal Transduction in Ischemic Pre-, Post-, and Remote Conditioning". Circulation Research. 116 (4): 674–699. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305348. ISSN 0009-7330. PMID 25677517.
  5. ^ Shimizu, Mikiko; Tropak, Michael; Diaz, Roberto J.; Suto, Fumiaki; Surendra, Harinee; Kuzmin, Elena; Li, Jing; Gross, Gil; Wilson, Gregory J. (2009-09-01). "Transient limb ischaemia remotely preconditions through a humoral mechanism acting directly on the myocardium: evidence suggesting cross-species protection". Clinical Science. 117 (5): 191–200. doi:10.1042/CS20080523. ISSN 0143-5221. PMID 19175358. S2CID 16514843.
  6. ^ Michelsen, M. M.; Støttrup, N. B.; Schmidt, M. R.; Løfgren, B.; Jensen, R. V.; Tropak, M.; St-Michel, E. Jean; Redington, A. N.; Bøtker, H. E. (2012-03-18). "Exercise-induced cardioprotection is mediated by a bloodborne, transferable factor". Basic Research in Cardiology. 107 (3): 260. doi:10.1007/s00395-012-0260-x. ISSN 0300-8428. PMID 22426795. S2CID 20412873.
  7. ^ a b Hess, David C.; Blauenfeldt, Rolf A.; Andersen, Grethe; Hougaard, Kristina D.; Hoda, Md Nasrul; Ding, Yuchuan; Ji, Xunming (2015). "Remote ischaemic conditioning—a new paradigm of self-protection in the brain". Nature Reviews Neurology. 11 (12): 698–710. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.223. PMID 26585977. S2CID 12754499.
  8. ^ Murry, C. E.; Jennings, R. B.; Reimer, K. A. (1986-11-01). "Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium". Circulation. 74 (5): 1124–1136. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.74.5.1124. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 3769170.
  9. ^ Przyklenk, K.; Bauer, B.; Ovize, M.; Kloner, R. A.; Whittaker, P. (1993-03-01). "Regional ischemic 'preconditioning' protects remote virgin myocardium from subsequent sustained coronary occlusion". Circulation. 87 (3): 893–899. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.87.3.893. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 7680290.
  10. ^ Gho, Ben C. G.; Schoemaker, Regien G.; Doel, Mirella A. van den; Duncker, Dirk J.; Verdouw, Pieter D. (1996-11-01). "Myocardial Protection by Brief Ischemia in Noncardiac Tissue". Circulation. 94 (9): 2193–2200. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.94.9.2193. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 8901671.
  11. ^ Kharbanda, R. K.; Mortensen, U. M.; White, P. A.; Kristiansen, S. B.; Schmidt, M. R.; Hoschtitzky, J. A.; Vogel, M.; Sorensen, K.; Redington, A. N. (2002-12-03). "Transient limb ischemia induces remote ischemic preconditioning in vivo". Circulation. 106 (23): 2881–2883. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000043806.51912.9b. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 12460865.
  12. ^ Cheung, Michael M. H.; Kharbanda, Rajesh K.; Konstantinov, Igor E.; Shimizu, Mikiko; Frndova, Helena; Li, Jia; Holtby, Helen M.; Cox, Peter N.; Smallhorn, Jeffrey F. (2006-06-06). "Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: First Clinical Application in Humans". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 47 (11): 2277–2282. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.066. PMID 16750696.
  13. ^ Heusch, Gerd; Bøtker, Hans Erik; Przyklenk, Karin; Redington, Andrew; Yellon, Derek (2015-01-20). "Remote ischemic conditioning". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 65 (2): 177–195. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.031. ISSN 1558-3597. PMC 4297315. PMID 25593060.
  14. ^ Bøtker, Hans Erik; Kharbanda, Rajesh; Schmidt, Michael R; Bøttcher, Morten; Kaltoft, Anne K; Terkelsen, Christian J; Munk, Kim; Andersen, Niels H; Hansen, Troels M (2010-02-27). "Remote ischaemic conditioning before hospital admission, as a complement to angioplasty, and effect on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomised trial". The Lancet. 375 (9716): 727–734. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62001-8. PMID 20189026. S2CID 225143.
  15. ^ Crimi, Gabriele; Pica, Silvia; Raineri, Claudia; Bramucci, Ezio; Ferrari, Gaetano M. De; Klersy, Catherine; Ferlini, Marco; Marinoni, Barbara; Repetto, Alessandra (2013). "Remote Ischemic Post-Conditioning of the Lower Limb During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Safely Reduces Enzymatic Infarct Size in Anterior Myocardial Infarction". JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 6 (10): 1055–1063. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2013.05.011. PMID 24156966.
  16. ^ Prunier, Fabrice; Angoulvant, Denis; Etienne, Christophe Saint; Vermes, Emmanuelle; Gilard, Martine; Piot, Christophe; Roubille, François; Elbaz, Meyer; Ovize, Michel (2014-01-10). "The RIPOST-MI study, assessing remote ischemic perconditioning alone or in combination with local ischemic postconditioning in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction". Basic Research in Cardiology. 109 (2): 400. doi:10.1007/s00395-013-0400-y. ISSN 0300-8428. PMID 24407359. S2CID 19955785.
  17. ^ White, Steven K.; Frohlich, Georg M.; Sado, Daniel M.; Maestrini, Viviana; Fontana, Marianna; Treibel, Thomas A.; Tehrani, Shana; Flett, Andrew S.; Meier, Pascal (2015). "Remote Ischemic Conditioning Reduces Myocardial Infarct Size and Edema in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction". JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 8 (1): 178–188. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2014.05.015. PMID 25240548.
  18. ^ a b Yamanaka, Toshiaki; Kawai, Yusuke; Miyoshi, Toru; Mima, Tsutomu; Takagaki, Kenji; Tsukuda, Saori; Kazatani, Yukio; Nakamura, Kazufumi; Ito, Hiroshi (2015-01-15). "Remote ischemic preconditioning reduces contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A randomized controlled trial". International Journal of Cardiology. 178: 136–141. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.135. PMID 25464237.
  19. ^ Eitel, Ingo; Stiermaier, Thomas; Rommel, Karl P.; Fuernau, Georg; Sandri, Marcus; Mangner, Norman; Linke, Axel; Erbs, Sandra; Lurz, Phillip (2015-11-21). "Cardioprotection by combined intrahospital remote ischaemic perconditioning and postconditioning in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the randomized LIPSIA CONDITIONING trial". European Heart Journal. 36 (44): 3049–3057. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv463. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 26385956.
  20. ^ Yellon, Derek M.; Ackbarkhan, Akbar K.; Balgobin, Vinod; Bulluck, Heerajnarain; Deelchand, Anil; Dhuny, Mohammad R.; Domah, Nizam; Gaoneadry, Dhunujnaye; Jagessur, Rabindranath K. (2015). "Remote Ischemic Conditioning Reduces Myocardial Infarct Size in STEMI Patients Treated by Thrombolysis". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 65 (25): 2764–2765. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.082. PMID 26112203.
  21. ^ Bøtker, Hans Erik; Kharbanda, Rajesh; Schmidt, Michael R; Bøttcher, Morten; Kaltoft, Anne K; Terkelsen, Christian J; Munk, Kim; Andersen, Niels H; Hansen, Troels M (2010-02-27). "Remote ischaemic conditioning before hospital admission, as a complement to angioplasty, and effect on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomised trial". The Lancet. 375 (9716): 727–734. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62001-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 20189026. S2CID 225143.
  22. ^ Pryds, Kasper; Terkelsen, Christian Juhl; Sloth, Astrid Drivsholm; Munk, Kim; Nielsen, Søren Steen; Schmidt, Michael Rahbek; Bøtker, Hans Erik; Bøttcher, M.; Kaltoft, A. K. (2016-07-01). "Remote ischaemic conditioning and healthcare system delay in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction". Heart. 102 (13): 1023–1028. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308980. ISSN 1468-201X. PMID 26911520. S2CID 42758714.
  23. ^ "Post-PCI STEMI Infarct Size Strong Predictor of Mortality, Rehospitalization". TCTMD. September 14, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  24. ^ Sloth, Astrid D.; Schmidt, Michael R.; Munk, Kim; Kharbanda, Rajesh K.; Redington, Andrew N.; Schmidt, Morten; Pedersen, Lars; Sørensen, Henrik T.; Bøtker, Hans Erik (2014-01-14). "Improved long-term clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing remote ischaemic conditioning as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention". European Heart Journal. 35 (3): 168–175. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht369. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 24031025.
  25. ^ Sloth, Astrid D.; Schmidt, Michael R.; Munk, Kim; Schmidt, Morten; Pedersen, Lars; Sørensen, Henrik T.; Enemark, Ulrika; Parner, Erik T.; Bøtker, Hans Erik (2016-01-26). "Cost-effectiveness of remote ischaemic conditioning as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction". European Heart Journal - Acute Cardiovascular Care. 6 (3): 244–253. doi:10.1177/2048872615626657. ISSN 2048-8726. PMID 26812905.
  26. ^ "Effect of RIC on Clinical Outcomes in STEMI Patients Undergoing pPCI - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
  27. ^ "Effect of Remote Ischaemic Conditioning on Clinical Outcomes in STEMI Patients Undergoing PPCI - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
  28. ^ a b Hoole, S. P.; Heck, P. M.; Sharples, L.; Khan, S. N.; Duehmke, R.; Densem, C. G.; Clarke, S. C.; Shapiro, L. M.; Schofield, P. M. (2009). "Cardiac Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Coronary Stenting (CRISP Stent) Study: A Prospective, Randomized Control Trial". Circulation. 119 (6): 820–827. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.809723. PMID 19188504.
  29. ^ Luo, Sheng Jie; Zhou, Yu Jie; Shi, Dong Mei; Ge, Hai Long; Wang, Jian Long; Liu, Rui Fang (September 2013). "Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Reduces Myocardial Injury in Patients Undergoing Coronary Stent Implantation". Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 29 (9): 1084–1089. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.022. PMID 23414904.
  30. ^ Ahmed, Rashed M.; Mohamed, El-Haddad A.; Ashraf, Mostafa; Maithili, Shenoy; Nabil, Farag; Rami, Raymond; Mohamed, Tahir I. (2013-11-01). "Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on serum troponin T level following elective percutaneous coronary intervention". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 82 (5): E647–E653. doi:10.1002/ccd.24825. ISSN 1522-726X. PMID 23404916. S2CID 205572823.
  31. ^ Liu, Zhi; Wang, Yan-Ling; Xu, Dong; Hua, Qi; Chu, Yan-Yan; Ji, Xun-Ming (2014-07-12). "Late Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Provides Benefit to Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention". Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 70 (1): 437–442. doi:10.1007/s12013-014-9936-1. ISSN 1085-9195. PMID 25015066. S2CID 15280603.
  32. ^ Babu, Girish Ganesha; Walker, J. Malcolm; Yellon, Derek M.; Hausenloy, Derek J. (2011-01-01). "Peri-procedural myocardial injury during percutaneous coronary intervention: an important target for cardioprotection". European Heart Journal. 32 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq393. ISSN 1522-9645. PMID 21037252.
  33. ^ Testa, L.; Gaal, W. J. Van; Zoccai, G. G. L. Biondi; Agostoni, P.; Latini, R. A.; Bedogni, F.; Porto, I.; Banning, A. P. (2009-06-01). "Myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of troponin elevation applying the new universal definition". QJM. 102 (6): 369–378. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcp005. ISSN 1460-2725. PMID 19286891.
  34. ^ Hoole, Stephen P.; Heck, Patrick M.; Sharples, Linda; Khan, Sadia N.; Duehmke, Rudolf; Densem, Cameron G.; Clarke, Sarah C.; Shapiro, Leonard M.; Schofield, Peter M. (2009-02-17). "Cardiac Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Coronary Stenting (CRISP Stent) Study A Prospective, Randomized Control Trial". Circulation. 119 (6): 820–827. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.809723. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 19188504.
  35. ^ Davies, W. R.; Brown, A. J.; Watson, W.; McCormick, L. M.; West, N. E. J.; Dutka, D. P.; Hoole, S. P. (2013-06-01). "Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Outcome at 6 Years After Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The CRISP Stent Trial Long-term Follow-up". Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 6 (3): 246–251. doi:10.1161/circinterventions.112.000184. PMID 23696599.
  36. ^ Mehran, Roxana; Aymong, Eve D.; Nikolsky, Eugenia; Lasic, Zoran; Iakovou, Ioannis; Fahy, Martin; Mintz, Gary S.; Lansky, Alexandra J.; Moses, Jeffrey W. (2004-10-06). "A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 44 (7): 1393–1399. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.068. ISSN 0735-1097. PMID 15464318.
  37. ^ Giacoppo, Daniele; Madhavan, Mahesh V.; Baber, Usman; Warren, Josephine; Bansilal, Sameer; Witzenbichler, Bernhard; Dangas, George D.; Kirtane, Ajay J.; Xu, Ke (2015-08-01). "Impact of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes: Pooled Analysis From the HORIZONS-AMI and ACUITY Trials". Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 8 (8): e002475. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.002475. ISSN 1941-7632. PMID 26198286.
  38. ^ Whittaker, Peter; Przyklenk, Karin (2011). "Remote-Conditioning Ischemia Provides a Potential Approach to Mitigate Contrast Medium-Induced Reduction in Kidney Function: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study". Cardiology. 119 (3): 145–150. doi:10.1159/000330930. PMID 21952203. S2CID 7310826.
  39. ^ Er, F.; Nia, A. M.; Dopp, H.; Hellmich, M.; Dahlem, K. M.; Caglayan, E.; Kubacki, T.; Benzing, T.; Erdmann, E. (2012). "Ischemic Preconditioning for Prevention of Contrast Medium-Induced Nephropathy: Randomized Pilot RenPro Trial (Renal Protection Trial)". Circulation. 126 (3): 296–303. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.096370. PMID 22735306.
  40. ^ Healy, Donagh A.; Feeley, Iain; Keogh, Cillian J.; Scanlon, Timothy G.; Hodnett, Philip A.; Stack, Austin G.; Clarke Moloney, Mary; Whittaker, Peter; Walsh, Stewart R. (2015-01-01). "Remote ischemic conditioning and renal function after contrast-enhanced CT scan: A randomized trial". Clinical and Investigative Medicine. 38 (3): E110–118. doi:10.25011/cim.v38i3.22706. ISSN 1488-2353. PMID 26026638.
  41. ^ Igarashi, Gen; Iino, Kenji; Watanabe, Hiroyuki; Ito, Hiroshi (2013-01-01). "Remote Ischemic Pre-Conditioning Alleviates ContrastInduced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease". Circulation Journal. 77 (12): 3037–3044. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-13-0171. PMID 23986081.
  42. ^ Savaj, Shokoufeh; Savoj, Javad; Jebraili, Ismail; Sezavar, Seyed Hashem (2014-11-01). "Remote ischemic preconditioning for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in diabetic patients". Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. 8 (6): 457–460. ISSN 1735-8604. PMID 25362220.
  43. ^ Yetgin, Tuncay; Manintveld, Olivier C.; Boersma, Eric; Kappetein, Arie P.; Geuns, Robert-Jan van; Zijlstra, Felix; Duncker, Dirk J.; Giessen, Wim J. van der (2012-01-01). "Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting". Circulation Journal. 76 (10): 2392–2404. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-12-0518. PMID 22785338.
  44. ^ Ranasinghe, Aaron M.; Quinn, David W.; Richardson, Matthew; Freemantle, Nick; Graham, Timothy R.; Mascaro, Jorge; Rooney, Stephen J.; Wilson, Ian C.; Pagano, Domenico (2011). "Which Troponometric Best Predicts Midterm Outcome After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery?". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 91 (6): 1860–1867. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.02.063. PMID 21619984.
  45. ^ Thielmann, Matthias; Kottenberg, Eva; Kleinbongard, Petra; Wendt, Daniel; Gedik, Nilgün; Pasa, Susanne; Price, Vivien; Tsagakis, Konstantinos; Neuhäuser, Markus (2013-08-17). "Cardioprotective and prognostic effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a single-centre randomised, double-blind, controlled trial". The Lancet. 382 (9892): 597–604. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61450-6. PMID 23953384. S2CID 32771326.
  46. ^ Kottenberg, E.; Thielmann, M.; Bergmann, L.; Heine, T.; Jakob, H.; Heusch, G.; Peters, J. (2012-01-01). "Protection by remote ischemic preconditioning during coronary artery bypass graft surgery with isoflurane but not propofol – a clinical trial". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 56 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02585.x. ISSN 1399-6576. PMID 22103808. S2CID 24704490.
  47. ^ Kottenberg, Eva; Musiolik, Judith; Thielmann, Matthias; Jakob, Heinz; Peters, Jürgen; Heusch, Gerd (January 2014). "Interference of propofol with signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 activation and cardioprotection by remote ischemic preconditioning during coronary artery bypass grafting". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 147 (1): 376–382. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.01.005. PMID 23465551.
  48. ^ Hausenloy, Derek J.; Candilio, Luciano; Evans, Richard; Ariti, Cono; Jenkins, David P.; Kolvekar, Shyam; Knight, Rosemary; Kunst, Gudrun; Laing, Christopher (2015-10-08). "Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (15): 1408–1417. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1413534. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 26436207.
  49. ^ Meybohm, Patrick; Bein, Berthold; Brosteanu, Oana; Cremer, Jochen; Gruenewald, Matthias; Stoppe, Christian; Coburn, Mark; Schaelte, Gereon; Böning, Andreas (2015-10-08). "A Multicenter Trial of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning for Heart Surgery". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (15): 1397–1407. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1413579. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 26436208. S2CID 2250440.
  50. ^ Heusch, Gerd; Gersh, Bernard J. (2016-01-07). "ERICCA and RIPHeart: two nails in the coffin for cardioprotection by remote ischemic conditioning? Probably not!". European Heart Journal. 37 (2): 200–202. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv606. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 26508160.
  51. ^ Zarbock, Alexander; Schmidt, Christoph; Van Aken, Hugo; Wempe, Carola; Martens, Sven; Zahn, Peter K.; Wolf, Britta; Goebel, Ulrich; Schwer, Christian I. (2015-06-02). "Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on kidney injury among high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA. 313 (21): 2133–2141. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.4189. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 26024502.
  52. ^ Zarbock, A; Kellum, J; Aken, H Van; Schmidt, C; Martens, S; Görlich, D; Meersch, M (2015-10-01). "Long-term effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in high risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery: Follow-up of a randomised clinical trial". Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. 3 (Suppl 1): A411. doi:10.1186/2197-425x-3-s1-a411. ISSN 2197-425X. PMC 4798055.
  53. ^ Yoon, Young Eun; Choi, Kyung Hwa; Kim, Sook Young; Cho, Young In; Lee, Kwang Suk; Kim, Kwang Hyun; Yang, Seung Choul; Han, Woong Kyu (2015-01-01). "Renoprotective Mechanism of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Based on Transcriptomic Analysis in a Porcine Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Model". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0141099. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1041099Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141099. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4619554. PMID 26489007.
  54. ^ Bolognese, Leonardo; Carrabba, Nazario; Parodi, Guido; Santoro, Giovanni M.; Buonamici, Piergiovanni; Cerisano, Giampaolo; Antoniucci, David (2004-03-09). "Impact of Microvascular Dysfunction on Left Ventricular Remodeling and Long-Term Clinical Outcome After Primary Coronary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction". Circulation. 109 (9): 1121–1126. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000118496.44135.A7. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 14967718.
  55. ^ Lewis, Eldrin F.; Moye, Lemuel A.; Rouleau, Jean L.; Sacks, Frank M.; Arnold, J. Malcolm O.; Warnica, J. Wayne; Flaker, Greg C.; Braunwald, Eugene; Pfeffer, Marc A. (2003-10-15). "Predictors of late development of heart failure in stable survivors of myocardial infarction: the CARE study". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 42 (8): 1446–1453. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)01057-x. ISSN 0735-1097. PMID 14563590.
  56. ^ Nian, Min; Lee, Paul; Khaper, Neelam; Liu, Peter (2004-06-25). "Inflammatory cytokines and postmyocardial infarction remodeling". Circulation Research. 94 (12): 1543–1553. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000130526.20854.fa. ISSN 1524-4571. PMID 15217919.
  57. ^ Sun, Yao (2009-02-15). "Myocardial repair/remodelling following infarction: roles of local factors". Cardiovascular Research. 81 (3): 482–490. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn333. ISSN 1755-3245. PMC 2639132. PMID 19050008.
  58. ^ Shimizu, Mikiko; Saxena, Pankaj; Konstantinov, Igor E.; Cherepanov, Vera; Cheung, Michael M. H.; Wearden, Peter; Zhangdong, Hua; Schmidt, Michael; Downey, Gregory P. (2010-01-01). "Remote ischemic preconditioning decreases adhesion and selectively modifies functional responses of human neutrophils". The Journal of Surgical Research. 158 (1): 155–161. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2008.08.010. ISSN 1095-8673. PMID 19540519.
  59. ^ Wei, Meng; Xin, Ping; Li, Shuai; Tao, Jianping; Li, Yapeng; Li, Jing; Liu, Mingya; Li, Jingbo; Zhu, Wei (2011-05-13). "Repeated remote ischemic postconditioning protects against adverse left ventricular remodeling and improves survival in a rat model of myocardial infarction". Circulation Research. 108 (10): 1220–1225. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.236190. ISSN 1524-4571. PMID 21474817.
  60. ^ Iadecola, Costantino; Anrather, Josef (2011-11-01). "Stroke research at a crossroad: asking the brain for directions". Nature Neuroscience. 14 (11): 1363–1368. doi:10.1038/nn.2953. ISSN 1546-1726. PMC 3633153. PMID 22030546.
  61. ^ Hess, David C.; Hoda, Mohammad Nasrul; Khan, Mohammad B. (2016-01-01). Humoral Mediators of Remote Ischemic Conditioning: Important Role of eNOS/NO/Nitrite. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement. Vol. 121. pp. 45–48. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_8. ISBN 978-3-319-18496-8. ISSN 0065-1419. PMID 26463921.
  62. ^ Hougaard, Kristina Dupont; Hjort, Niels; Zeidler, Dora; Sørensen, Leif; Nørgaard, Anne; Hansen, Troels Martin; von Weitzel-Mudersbach, Paul; Simonsen, Claus Z.; Damgaard, Dorte (2014-01-01). "Remote ischemic perconditioning as an adjunct therapy to thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a randomized trial". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 45 (1): 159–167. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001346. ISSN 1524-4628. PMID 24203849.
  63. ^ Meng, Ran; Asmaro, Karam; Meng, Lu; Liu, Yu; Ma, Chun; Xi, Chunjiang; Li, Guoqing; Ren, Canghong; Luo, Yumin (2012-10-30). "Upper limb ischemic preconditioning prevents recurrent stroke in intracranial arterial stenosis". Neurology. 79 (18): 1853–1861. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318271f76a. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 23035060. S2CID 23966127.
  64. ^ Meng, Ran; Ding, Yuchuan; Asmaro, Karam; Brogan, David; Meng, Lu; Sui, Meng; Shi, Jingfei; Duan, Yunxia; Sun, Zhishan (2015-05-09). "Ischemic Conditioning Is Safe and Effective for Octo- and Nonagenarians in Stroke Prevention and Treatment". Neurotherapeutics. 12 (3): 667–677. doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0358-6. ISSN 1933-7213. PMC 4489956. PMID 25956401.
  65. ^ Koch, Sebastian; Katsnelson, Michael; Dong, Chuanhui; Perez-Pinzon, Miguel (2011-05-01). "Remote ischemic limb preconditioning after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase Ib study of safety and feasibility". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 42 (5): 1387–1391. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.605840. ISSN 1524-4628. PMC 3082628. PMID 21415404.
  66. ^ Gonzalez, Nestor R.; Connolly, Mark; Dusick, Joshua R.; Bhakta, Harshal; Vespa, Paul (2014). "Phase I Clinical Trial for the Feasibility and Safety of Remote Ischemic Conditioning for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage". Neurosurgery. 75 (5): 590–598. doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000000514. PMC 4205274. PMID 25072112.
  67. ^ Pérez-Pinzón, M. A.; Alonso, O.; Kraydieh, S.; Dietrich, W. D. (1999-09-29). "Induction of tolerance against traumatic brain injury by ischemic preconditioning". NeuroReport. 10 (14): 2951–2954. doi:10.1097/00001756-199909290-00014. ISSN 0959-4965. PMID 10549803.
  68. ^ Vaibhav, Kumar; Baban, B.; Wang, P.; Khan, M.B.; Pandya, C.; Ahmed, H.; Chaudhary, A.; Ergul, A.; Heger, I. (2015-02-12). "Abstract T P92: Remote Ischemic Conditioning (RIC) Attenuates Post-TBI Ischemic Injury and Improves Behavioral Outcomes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  69. ^ Joseph, Bellal; Pandit, Viraj; Zangbar, Bardiya; Kulvatunyou, Narong; Khalil, Mazhar; Tang, Andrew; O’Keeffe, Terence; Gries, Lynn; Vercruysse, Gary (2015). "Secondary brain injury in trauma patients". Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 78 (4): 698–705. doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000000584. PMID 25742251. S2CID 9061475.
  70. ^ Verdelho, Ana; Madureira, Sofia; Ferro, José M.; Baezner, Hansjörg; Blahak, Christian; Poggesi, Anna; Hennerici, Michael; Pantoni, Leonardo; Fazekas, Franz (2012-12-01). "Physical activity prevents progression for cognitive impairment and vascular dementia: results from the LADIS (Leukoaraiosis and Disability) study". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 43 (12): 3331–3335. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661793. ISSN 1524-4628. PMID 23117721.
  71. ^ Hess, DavidC; Khan, MohammadB; Morgan, JohnC; Hoda, Md Nasrul (2015-07-01). "Remote ischemic conditioning: A treatment for vascular cognitive impairment". Brain Circulation. 1 (2): 133–139. doi:10.4103/2394-8108.172885. PMC 6135530. PMID 30221201.
  72. ^ Murry, C E; Jennings, R B; Reimer, K A (November 1986). "Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium". Circulation. 74 (5): 1124–1136. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.74.5.1124. ISSN 0009-7322.
  73. ^ Veres, T.Gy.; Petrovics, L.; Sárvári, K.; Vereczkei, A.; Jancsó, G.; Farkas, K. Borbásné; Takács, I. (2020-01-24). "The effect of laparoscopic pre- and postconditioning on pneumoperitoneum induced injury of the peritoneum". Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 73 (4): 565–577. doi:10.3233/CH-190572.
  74. ^ Kolbenschlag, J.; Sogorski, A.; Timmermann, C.; Harati, K.; Daigeler, A.; Hirsch, T.; Goertz, O.; Lehnhardt, M. (2017-06-27). "Ten minutes of ischemia is superior to shorter intervals for the remote ischemic conditioning of human microcirculation". Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 66 (3): 239–248. doi:10.3233/CH-170268.
  75. ^ Veres, Tünde Gyöngyvér; Takács, Ildikó; Nagy, Tibor; Jancsó, Gábor; Kondor, Ariella; Pótó, László; Vereczkei, András (2018-08-16). "Pneumoperitoneum induced ischemia-reperfusion injury of the peritoneum – Preconditioning may reduce the negative side-effects caused by carbon-dioxide pneumoperitoneum – Pilot study". Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 69 (4): 481–488. doi:10.3233/CH-170336.
  76. ^ a b Kolbenschlag, J.; Sogorski, A.; Harati, K.; Daigeler, A.; Wiebalck, A.; Lehnhardt, M.; Kapalschinski, N.; Goertz, O. (2015-03-01). "Upper extremity ischemia is superior to lower extremity ischemia for remote ischemic conditioning of antero–lateral thigh cutaneous blood flow". Microsurgery. 35 (3): 211–217. doi:10.1002/micr.22336. ISSN 1098-2752. PMID 25278482. S2CID 2102896.
  77. ^ a b Johnsen, Jacob; Pryds, Kasper; Salman, Rasha; Løfgren, Bo; Kristiansen, Steen Buus; Bøtker, Hans Erik (2016-01-14). "The remote ischemic preconditioning algorithm: effect of number of cycles, cycle duration and effector organ mass on efficacy of protection". Basic Research in Cardiology. 111 (2): 10. doi:10.1007/s00395-016-0529-6. ISSN 0300-8428. PMID 26768477. S2CID 21853762.
  78. ^ Hausenloy, Derek J.; Yellon, Derek M. (2016). "Ischaemic conditioning and reperfusion injury". Nature Reviews Cardiology. 13 (4): 193–209. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.5. PMID 26843289. S2CID 7513461.
  79. ^ Murry, C. E.; Jennings, R. B.; Reimer, K. A. (1986-11-01). "Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium". Circulation. 74 (5): 1124–1136. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.74.5.1124. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 3769170.
  80. ^ "CellAegis Devices Inc. | Simply Enabling Powerful Innate Protection". www.cellaegisdevices.com. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
  81. ^ "Automated Remote Ischemic Conditioning Device Easier to Use than Manual Cuff to Reduce Reperfusion Injury". www.abstractsonline.com. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_ischemic_conditioning&oldid=1229959163"